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Twin Express User's Guide Twin Express 1.1 User's Guide Copyright 1991 OMNICODE. All rights reserved. Twin Express User's Guide Copyright: This document and its accompanying software are copyrighted by OMNICODE (Montréal, CANADA) which retains all rights of ownership and copyright. Registered users have specific rights as stated in the license agreement. Others may only distribute the complete package as described in the distribution statement. Disclaimer: The software, the documentation and all the files included in the package are provided without any warranty. Moreover, OMNICODE does not guarantee that the software, the documentation and the files are accurate, reliable or fit any particular task. The users of this software package accept all risks related to its use. OMNICODE shall not be held responsible for any damage, costs or loss arising from the use of this software package. Trademarks: IBM, IBM AT, IBM PS/2, PC-DOS and OS/2 are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. IBM PC and IBM XT are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Amiga is a registered trademark of Commodore-Amiga Inc. AmigaDOS and Amiga Workbench are trademarks of Commodore-Amiga Inc. Unix is a registered trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories. II Twin Express User's Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION................................................ IV 1 GETTING STARTED........................................... 1 1.1 Summary of Features.................................. 1 1.2 Installation on the Amiga Computer................... 2 1.3 Installation on the IBM-PC Computer.................. 3 1.4 The Serial Cable..................................... 4 1.5 Running Twin Express................................. 5 1.6 Of Ports and Baud Rates.............................. 6 1.7 Startup Problems..................................... 6 1.8 Registration......................................... 8 1.9 Support.............................................. 9 2 TUTORIAL.................................................. 10 2.1 Vocabulary........................................... 10 2.2 Purpose of a File Transfer Program................... 10 2.3 Commands and Aliases................................. 11 2.4 Local Versus Remote Resources........................ 11 2.5 Transferring Files with the COPY Command............. 12 2.6 Syntax of File and Directory Names................... 13 2.7 File Groups and Wildcards............................ 15 2.8 Moving Text Files to a Different Type of Computer.... 16 2.9 Enabling Fast Transfers.............................. 17 2.10 Input from a Command File............................ 18 3 COMMANDS.................................................. 19 3.1 CHDIR................................................ 19 3.2 COPY................................................. 20 3.3 DELETE............................................... 21 3.4 DIR.................................................. 21 3.5 ECHO................................................. 23 3.6 HELP................................................. 23 3.7 MKDIR................................................ 24 3.8 QUIT................................................. 24 3.9 RENAME............................................... 24 3.10 RMDIR................................................ 25 3.11 SET.................................................. 26 3.12 SHOW................................................. 26 3.13 TREE................................................. 27 3.14 TYPE................................................. 28 APPENDIX A: Error Messages.................................. A1 APPENDIX B: License Agreement............................... B1 APPENDIX C: Distribution Statement.......................... C1 APPENDIX D: Problem Report Form............................. D1 APPENDIX E: Registration and Order Form..................... E1 III Twin Express User's Guide INTRODUCTION Twin Express is a file transfer program that allows a user to quickly transfer files between two computers via a cable connected to their serial ports. It is an attractive solution to the problem of transferring data to a computer equipped with a different type of floppy drive or to a floppyless workstation. It is also an inexpensive alternative to those time-consuming exchanges of floppy disks and slow communication programs. Speed is its main feature. Between two 12.5 MHz AT-type computers or two Amiga 3000 computers you can transfer data at about 22,000 bytes/second. This is 2 times faster than many other serial file transfer utilities and 7 times faster than utilities relying on the serial handler of AmigaDos. Its second main feature is its ability to exchange files between different types of computers (e.g. Amiga and IBM-PC). In this case, it may even translate some special characters (e.g. ±, £, ½, ß, é, â, ï, ñ) in your text files. As of December 1991, the program runs under AmigaDOS and PC-DOS (or MS-DOS). It can also execute as a DOS process under Windows and OS/2. Twin Express is a shareware program. That is, a program that you can try before you actually pay for it. As such, you can copy it, distribute it or store it in a library as long as the package is not modified, not sold and not linked to any salable item. However, if you install the program on a computer and decide to use it after the free one-week evaluation period you must purchase a license from OMNICODE. In return you become a registered user and are thus entitled to a manual, a diskette containing the latest version of Twin Express, an invoice (as proof of purchase) and customer support in case of problems. This manual describes the features, installation procedures and commands of Twin Express. The tutorial in chapter 2 shows some basic examples of Twin Express commands. However, if you just cannot wait to get your hands on the keyboard you may want to proceed with the information available through the on-line HELP command. IV Twin Express User's Guide GETTING STARTED This chapter describes the features, the installation and the start-up procedures for Twin Express. Typical error messages plus suggestions for solutions are outlined in order to help you establish communications between the computers. Registration and support sections terminate the chapter. 1.1 SUMMARY OF FEATURES This section highlights the most important features of Twin Express: 1. Fast serial transfers: about 22,000 bytes/second between two 12.5 MHz AT-type computers or two Amiga computers (ram disk to remote ram disk transfers). 2. Compatible versions run under AmigaDOS and PC-DOS. 3. Translation of text files when they are transferred to a different type of computer (useful for transfers between Amiga and IBM-PC computers). 4. Simple, easy to use commands similar to those used by your operating system (e.g. DIR, COPY, RENAME, etc). 5. Command name aliases compatible with AmigaDOS, PC-DOS and UNIX commands (e.g. MAKEDIR, XCOPY, LS). 6. Support for wildcard characters allowing users to select a group of files with a single command. The operation can be extended to include files found in subdirectories. 7. User may list directory files, change the default directories and create or remove directories. 8. Copies of files get the same date stamp as the original files. 9. On-line help. 10. Support for command files (batch files). 11. Transmission errors are detected and corrected (by retransmission of bad packets). 12. Support for ports COM1, COM2, COM3 or COM4 on the IBM-PC or compatible computers. 13. Support for baud rates up to 115200 on IBM-PC or compatible computers and 290000 on Amiga computers. 1 Twin Express User's Guide 14. Detection of busy ports, incompatible baud rates and of non-present, non-standard or malfunctionning serial ports. 15. Distributed as a shareware program: "you can try it before you buy it". 1.2 INSTALLATION ON THE AMIGA COMPUTER Requirements: 1. AmigaDOS 1.2 or higher. 2. 75K of disk space. 3. 150K of free memory. 4. A null-modem cable. 5. A free serial port (SER: is mandatory). Distribution files: 1. INSTALL 2. INSTALL.INFO 3. README 4. README.INFO 5. TWIN 6. TWIN.INFO 7. TWINDOC 8. TWINDOC.INFO Installation: 1. If your are using your Amiga with Workbench, activate the CLI task by clicking the appropriate icon. 2. Set the default directory to the directory containing the Twin Express package. The following example assumes this to be the root directory on floppy disk DF0: CD DF0: 3. Examine file README for any last-minute changes: TYPE README 4. Copy the file TWIN to a directory whose name appears in the search path of AmigaDos (e.g. utilities, c, system). This way you can run Twin Express from any directory and AmigaDos will find it. You can use the PATH command to display the current search path. The following example assumes that the UTILITIES directory on disk DH0 is in the search path: PATH COPY TWIN DH0:UTILITIES 2 Twin Express User's Guide COPY TWIN.INFO DH0:UTILITIES 5. Print the documentation file TWINDOC: COPY TWINDOC PRT: 6. Connect one end of a null-modem cable to the standard serial port "SER:" on the Amiga and the other end to a serial port on the remote computer. See section 1.4 for details about the serial cable. 7. You have one week to evaluate the program. After this period you must either remove the program from your system or register your copy. 1.3 INSTALLATION ON THE IBM-PC COMPUTER Requirements: 1. PC-DOS (MS-DOS) 2.0 or higher. 2. 75K of disk space. 3. 150K of free memory. 4. A null-modem cable. 5. A free serial port (COM1, COM2, COM3 or COM4) with a ... a) standard address (3F8h, 2F8h, 3E8h or 2E8h). b) compatible UART chip (8250, 82050, 16450). c) standard UART clock of 1.8432 MHz. Distribution: 1. INSTALL.TXT 2. README.TXT 3. TWIN.EXE 4. TWINDOC.TXT Installation: 1. If your are using your IBM-PC with Windows or OS/2, acti- vate the DOS environment by clicking the appropriate icon. 2. Set the default directory to the directory containing the Twin Express package. The following example assumes this to be the root directory on floppy disk A: A: CD \ 3. Examine file README.TXT for any last-minute changes: TYPE README.TXT 4. Copy the file TWIN.EXE to a directory whose name appears in the search path of DOS (e.g. DOS, c, bin). This way 3 Twin Express User's Guide you can run Twin Express from any directory and DOS will find it. You can use the PATH command to display the current search path. The following example assumes that the DOS directory on disk C is in the search path: PATH COPY TWIN.EXE C:\DOS 5. Print the documentation file TWINDOC.TXT: PRINT TWINDOC.TXT 6. Connect one end of a null-modem cable to a serial port (COM1 is used by default) on the IBM-PC and the other end to a serial port on the remote computer. See section 1.4 for details about the serial cable. 7. You have one week to evaluate the program. After this period you must either remove the program from your system or register your copy. 1.4 THE SERIAL CABLE A null-modem cable connects the computers by their serial ports. Such a cable can be bought in a computer store or can be made from an eight-wire cable and two connectors. The table below shows how the different signals are wired along with the pinout in use with different types of connectors (9 and 25 pins): ------ CONNECTOR 1 ----- ----- CONNECTOR 2 ------ DB25 DB9 SIGNAL SIGNAL DB9 DB25 07 05 GND <---> GND 05 07 02 03 TD <---> RD 02 03 03 02 RD <---> TD 03 02 05 08 CTS <---> RTS 07 04 04 07 RTS <---> CTS 08 05 06 06 DSR <---> DTR 04 20 20 04 DTR <---> DSR 06 06 Usually the serial port has a male connector. The cable should therefore have two female connectors. However, it is safer to verify this before you buy a cable... There are some null-modem cables with only 3 wires. These cables can also be used with Twin Express. However, it is not possible to select the high speed transmission mode with such cables. There are also null-modem cables with a wiring pattern different from that in the above table. Twin Express is likely to "see" them as 3-wire cables. So, be careful before buying a pre-wired cable and compare the wiring with the above table. 4 Twin Express User's Guide You can also transform a modem cable into a null-modem cable with a null-modem adapter. You can get an MF-DB25 adapter (part 26-1496) or an MF-DB9 adapter (part 26-264) for about 8 CAN$ from Radio Shack. This might be a convenient solution if your cable has the proper connectors (usually a female connector at each end). WARNING 1: Do not use a cable with more than these 7 connections (extra wires should be disconnected). This is very important on the AMIGA computers since they have a non-standard serial connector. WARNING 2: Cables longer than 20 meters should be used with caution. You might need to reduce the baud rate or use a more expensive low capacitance cable. WARNING 3: Avoid putting the cable near appliances. This could add noise to the signals. If this cannot be avoided you might consider buying a more expensive shielded cable. 1.5 RUNNING TWIN EXPRESS You can start up the program by typing TWIN at the system prompt of the computer: C> TWIN <enter> The program should now display its version number, a short message about the help facility and the TWIN prompt: TWIN EXPRESS - Version 1.1 released on 1991/12/20 (shareware) ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Copyright 1991 OMNICODE. All rights reserved. HELP: ... Some information on HELP ... TWIN> At this point, Twin Express waits for the user to type in commands or to receive a request from the remote computer. If Twin Express is also running on the remote computer and a cable is connected to the default ports (COM1 on the PC and SER on the Amiga) you should get the following message on both screens: >>> Communication is established with the remote computer <<< This message indicates that you are ready to transfer files to the remote computer. If it does not appear see sections 1.6 and 1.7 for help. 5 Twin Express User's Guide 1.6 OF PORTS AND BAUD RATES By default, Twin Express uses port COM1 on an IBM PC and SER on an Amiga. In both cases the default baud rate is 115200. It is possible to use baud rates other than the default value and, on IBM compatible computers, to use a port other than COM1. Ports COM1, COM2, COM3 and COM4 can be used on the IBM PC or compatible systems. Only SER can be used on the Amiga. The baud rates available on both machines are: 115200, 57600, 38400, 19200 and 9600. The Amiga version also accepts the following baud rates: 130000, 150000, 170000, 190000, 210000, 230000, 250000, 270000 and 290000 (190000 is recommended). To change a default value, the user must supply both the port and the baud rate as parameters to TWIN. For example, to communicate at 57600 baud using port COM2 on the IBM compatible: C> TWIN COM2 57600 whilst the command for the Amiga is: 1> TWIN SER 57600 1.7 STARTUP PROBLEMS This section highlights the most common problems that a user might encounter in establishing communication. It presents error messages along with suggestions for solving the problem. More general errors are discussed in appendix A. >>> Communication is established with the remote computer <<< does not appear on the screen of computers. First, verify that the cable is connected to the serial ports on both computers. Second, make sure that Twin Express has been activated on both machines with the proper port and baud rate. Third, check the programs running in the background. Some of them might "steal" too many CPU cycles. Fourth, examine the cable. Is it a null-modem cable? Is there a bad connection (connectors, wires, etc)? Error: Unrecognized device An invalid serial device has been used as a parameter to Twin Express. Re-execute the program with one of the valid devices specified in section 1.6. Error: Unrecognized speed 6 Twin Express User's Guide An invalid baud rate has been specified as a parameter to Twin Express. Note that you must also specify a device when you indicate a baud rate. Re-execute the program with one of the valid baud rates specified in section 1.6. Error: Cannot get pathname of current default directory Error: Cannot establish an abort receiver These are internal errors. They should not occur. Please contact OMNICODE (fill in and mail the problem report form in appendix D). Error: This protocol cannot be used with a 3-wire cable This error may occur when a user selects the high speed transmission mode with the SET MODE command. This mode requires a 7-wire cable as defined in section 1.4. First, check your cable. Second, use only the STANDARD mode with 3-wire cables. Error: Mode EXPRESS failed to initialize properly This error may occur when a user selects the high speed transmission mode with the SET MODE command. It indicates that transfers would not be reliable using this mode. It may occur on some computers, especially with long cables. In this case you must use the default STANDARD mode. >>> Non-present or non-standard device <<< The selected serial port was not found in the system or, if found, it does not appear to be a serial device. This error may occur if the user selects a device that is not installed (e.g. COM4), if a serial device has been installed at a non- standard address (e.g. COM1 address different from 3F8h) or if a different type of hardware has been installed at an address normally assigned to a serial device. First, try to execute Twin Express with a different device (e.g. COM2). Second, check the address of your serial port and compare it with the addresses defined in section 1.3. >>> Malfunctionning serial device <<< The serial device does not appear to work correctly. First, verify that your serial port works with a different type of software. Second, compare the type of the UART chip of your serial port with those listed in the installation section. >>> Selected serial device appears to be busy <<< The serial port seems to be connected to an external device (e.g. modem, printer). This error is likely to occur if you execute Twin Express with the default port and this port is 7 Twin Express User's Guide connected to a device. It may also occur if you disconnected an external device from a serial port in order to connect the null-modem cable. First, make sure to execute Twin Express with the appropriate serial port. Second, if the message appears only on one computer, re-execute Twin Express on this computer otherwise you will need to reboot both systems. >>> Local computer is too slow for current baud rate <<< >>> Remote computer is too slow for current baud rate <<< These messages indicate that a computer is not fast enough to communicate at the current baud rate. It may occur if you try to execute Twin Express on an Amiga 500/1000/2000 computer with a baud rate exceeding 190000 or on a 4.77 MHz PC-type computer with a baud rate of 115200. Try again with a lower baud rate. >>> Remote computer appears to use a different baud rate <<< This message is displayed when a computer receives many unrecognized characters from the serial port. It usually occurs when the program is activated with a different baud rate on each computer. Note that this error is usually displayed on the screen of the computer having the fastest baud rate. It may also occur if you use a high baud rate (e.g. 290000) with a long cable or if your serial port does not use a standard clock rate. First, re-execute both programs with the same baud rate. Second, try to reduce the baud rate on the machine that does show this message. Third, try with a lower baud rate (e.g. 57600). Fourth, make sure that you use the serial ports connected to the null-modem cable. Fifth, compare the clock rate of your serial port with the value found in the installation section. 1.8 REGISTRATION Twin Express is a shareware package. It is not free software nor public domain software. The main difference here is that you must purchase a license to use it after an evaluation period. Note that the cost of the license is never included in the price of disks from public domain and shareware software distributors. The package contains files that can be evaluated, free of charge, during a one-week period. During this week, you can test the program and examine the documentation. After this period, you must decide if you want to keep the program or not. If the product is found to be not useful, the package must be removed from the system. However, if you do decide to keep it, you must become a registered user by purchasing a license from OMNICODE. The cost of a basic license for two machines is 30 8 Twin Express User's Guide CAN$ (including Canadian taxes where applicable). Add to this an extra fee of 10 CAN$ for each additional machine. If Twin Express is to be installed on a server, you will need a license for every computer that can access the program from the server. Upon registration, you receive a manual, a diskette containing the latest version of Twin Express, an invoice (as proof of purchase) and support for 6 months in case of problems. The registration and order form can be found in appendix E. 1.9 CUSTOMER SUPPORT You might experience problems with the program or the documentation or you might just want to obtain the latest release. Registered users can contact OMNICODE to get help. Just send a letter or a FAX to: OMNICODE P.O. Box 128 Ahuntsic Montréal [Québec] CANADA H3L 3N7 FAX: (514)385-6455 You will find a problem report form in appendix D to be used in describing your problems and for making suggestions. Fill in the form in appendix E in order to get the latest update. 9 Twin Express User's Guide TUTORIAL This chapter introduces the new user to Twin Express. The experienced user is referred to chapter 3 for more detailed information. We assume here that the installation has been completed and that a cable is connected between the two computers running Twin Express. 2.1 VOCABULARY D.O.S. means Disk Operating System. Throughout this manual, this term is used without designating a particular implementation of this software (e.g. PC-DOS, UNIX). A null-modem cable is a cable that connects to the serial ports of two computers. This is not the same as a modem cable (the wiring is different). Serial transfers means data transmission between two computers by their serial devices through a null-modem cable. Remote system indicates the computer to which your computer (known as the local system) is connected. By extension, remote files, remote directories, remote volumes, remote devices and remote resources indicates files, directories, volumes, devices and resources located on the remote system. A volume is a structured group of directories and files, sometimes called a file system, installed on a disk, a disk partition or in a dedicated area of the main memory. 2.2 PURPOSE OF A FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM The purpose of a file transfer program is to transfer files between two computers. It allows a user to exchange files between computers equipped with floppy drives of different sizes or to exchange files with a floppyless computer. It performs this job better than a communications program since it is usually much faster and adapted for this task. Finally, it is also simpler and faster then using a floppy disk to transfer files between the hard disks of two computers (especially when the size of a file is larger than the capacity of the floppy disk). A file transfer program needs a link between the computers involved in these transfers. This can be done by connecting a cable to a serial port on each computer. Such a port works with fairly long cables, provides some protection against noise and is inexpensive. 10 Twin Express User's Guide 2.3 COMMANDS AND ALIASES The user interacts with Twin Express by typing commands that have a name similar to the commands of your D.O.S. For example, to get a list of the files kept in the local current directory: TWIN> DIR <enter> The full set of commands is given in the table below: DIR : Shows file(s) in a directory. CHDIR : Changes the default directory. MKDIR : Creates a directory. RMDIR : Removes a directory. TREE : Shows directory structure. COPY : Makes a copy of file(s). DELETE : Deletes file(s). RENAME : Changes the name of file(s). TYPE : Shows the contents of a text file. HELP : Provides help on Twin Express. SET : Changes the transmission mode. SHOW : Displays various information. ECHO : Outputs a string on the console. QUIT : Exits from Twin Express. In order to assist the users who transfer files between systems having two different D.O.S., Twin Express accepts popular aliases for some commands and options. These aliases are shown in the table below: DIR : LIST, LS CHDIR : CD MKDIR : MD, MAKEDIR RMDIR : RD COPY : XCOPY, CP DELETE : DEL, ERASE, RM RENAME : REN, MV TYPE : MORE, CAT, DISPLAY HELP : ? QUIT : EXIT SUBDIR : ALL, /S This feature should help those who are used to PC-DOS, MS-DOS, AmigaDOS or UNIX. However, Twin Express commands have their own behavior and options. Therefore, they may not recognize certain options or perform exactly like their counterparts in these operating systems. 2.4 LOCAL VERSUS REMOTE RESOURCES 11 Twin Express User's Guide All the commands related to file or directory operations can work on local or remote resources. These resources may be: files, directories, volumes and devices. Accessing a local resource is simple. You just specify the name of the resource in your command. For example, to delete the local file OLDDEMO.C: TWIN> DELETE OLDDEMO.C Unless otherwise specified, Twin Express always uses local resources. In the example above, the program deletes the local file OLDDEMO.C from the local default directory. You always have access to the local resources even if no communication has been established with a remote computer. Accessing a remote resource is simple too! This time, the name of the resource must have a ~ prefix (tilde). For example, to delete the remote file OLDDEMO.C: TWIN> DELETE ~OLDDEMO.C In this case, the request is sent to the remote computer where it is executed. In the example above, the remote file OLDDEMO.C is deleted from the remote default directory. Communication must have been established with a remote system before you can use commands specifying remote resources. The procedure is the same with all the commands. Twin Express uses a remote resource if the name has a ~ prefix and a local resource otherwise. The commands themselves are the same for both the local and the remote operations. Note: there must be no space between the ~ prefix and the name of the resource. 2.5 TRANSFERRING FILES WITH THE COPY COMMAND The main purpose of a file transfer program is to copy files from one computer to another. With Twin Express, this is done by the COPY command. This command can work with both local and remote files. To copy a file between two computers it is just a matter of using a local name and a remote name. For example, to copy the local file ALPHA to the file Bravo on the remote computer: TWIN> COPY ALPHA ~Bravo This command actually transfers a copy of the local file ALPHA to the remote system since the ~ prefix specifies a remote file. The new file is stored as file Bravo in the remote default directory. Note: whenever possible, Twin Express 12 Twin Express User's Guide preserves lower case letters used in file and directory names. The target name of the COPY command can be a device. For example, to print the local file README.DOC, you can copy it to the remote printer PRT: TWIN> COPY README.DOC ~PRT: The following devices are available on the Amiga computer: CON:, PRT: and NIL:. SER: can also be used locally if the port is not connected to a remote computer. The following devices are available on the IBM-PC or compatible systems: CON:, COM1:, COM2:, LPT1:, LPT2:, LPT3:, PRN: and NUL:. Of course, you can also copy a remote resource to your local system. For example, to copy the remote file CHARLIE to the local file DELTA: TWIN> COPY ~CHARLIE DELTA This time, a copy of the file CHARLIE is transferred from the remote to the local system. The command is the same as before but the remote resource is now the source file. The source file and the destination file may also be located on the same computer. For example, to copy the local file ALPHA to the local file BRAVO: TWIN> COPY ALPHA BRAVO No transfer occurred between the computers, in this case, because both names specified local files. A remote copy can also be done if both names specify remote files. For example, to copy the remote file CHARLIE to the remote file DELTA: TWIN> COPY ~CHARLIE ~DELTA With such an operation, the request is sent to the remote system where it is executed locally. This kind of operation can be useful if you have to perform some disk management on a distant remote system. The thing to remember here: COPY always performs a file transfer whenever one name specifies a local resource and the other name a remote resource. Otherwise, it is a plain copy. 2.6 SYNTAX OF FILE AND DIRECTORY NAMES By using only simple file names, like CHESS.C, the user can access only the files in the local and remote default directories. These directories correspond to the directories in use on the local and remote system when Twin Express was activated. 13 Twin Express User's Guide Twin Express also accepts file names that specify a path to reach the selected file or directory. Such names are often called pathnames. The path may contain a volume name and/or directory names. Directory and file names must be separated by either / (slashes) or \ (back-slashes). For example, to delete file CHESS.C from subdirectory SOURCES in subdirectory GAMES: TWIN> DELETE GAMES/SOURCES/CHESS.C or TWIN> DELETE GAMES\SOURCES\CHESS.C The choice between / and \ is yours; you can use both on all the systems. To specify the root directory (the main directory on a volume) you can use, as well, the slash, the back-slash or the colon. For example: to change the local default directory to the root directory of the current volume: TWIN> CHDIR / or TWIN> CHDIR \ or TWIN> CHDIR : However, a path may start with a volume name. This name may be the physical name of a disk (e.g. DH0, E) or, where applicable, the volume name specified during a disk format. When a volume name is included in a path, this name must be followed by a colon. For example, to remove directory TRASH on remote volume DH0: TWIN> RMDIR ~DH0:TRASH A volume name also forces the path to start at the root directory of this volume. Note: this behavior is different from PC-DOS and MS-DOS where the path starts at the current default directory (unless a \ is used). Actually, Twin Express accepts all the following pathnames to reach the directory DEMOS on volume C: TWIN> CHDIR C:/DEMOS TWIN> CHDIR C:\DEMOS TWIN> CHDIR C:DEMOS TWIN> CHDIR :/DEMOS TWIN> CHDIR :\DEMOS TWIN> CHDIR /DEMOS TWIN> CHDIR \DEMOS TWIN> CHDIR :DEMOS The last five commands above assume that the directory DEMOS is on the current default volume. Again, you have the choice of selecting the pathname syntax that most resembles that of your system even when you transfer files to/from a different D.O.S. 14 Twin Express User's Guide 2.7 FILE GROUPS AND WILDCARDS Quite often, the user needs to transfer more than one file: it may be all the files in a directory, C source files or only the files having a name starting with HOTEL. Some commands (DIR, COPY, DELETE and RENAME) accept the popular * and ? wildcard characters in order to specify a group of files. The ? wildcard character matches any single character in a file name. For example, to list all the four-letter file names starting with L and ending with MA: TWIN> DIR L?MA The * wildcard character matches any number of characters in a file name. For example, to delete all the files ending with .BAK: TWIN> DELETE *.BAK Twin Express also lets you specify the variable part of the file name with a selection from a set of substrings. In this case, the substrings are separated by | and the complete set is enclosed by (). For example, to list the .C files starting with TWIN and ending with either HOST, COMM or MAIN: TWIN> DIR TWIN(HOST|COMM|MAIN).C Of course the selection can be combined with wildcards; this can be quite powerful. For example, to delete all the files ending with .LST, .MAP or .BAK: TWIN> DELETE *.(LST|MAP|BAK) However, the selection and wildcards can be used only in file names. They cannot be used in a path (i.e. volume name or directory name). The * wildcard character, alone, can also be used in a target name. For example, to copy all the .EXE files from the local subdirectory PROJECTS to the remote subdirectory TESTS: TWIN> COPY PROJECTS/*.EXE ~TESTS/* or TWIN> COPY PROJECTS/*.EXE ~TESTS As shown above, the * wildcard character in the target name matches the corresponding files of the source name. Actually, this is equivalent to the second command which simply specifies the target directory. However, when the target directory is a default directory, the * wildcard character reduces the number of characters to type. For example, to copy the local file CHESS.C to the remote default directory: 15 Twin Express User's Guide TWIN> COPY CHESS.C ~* It may be useful to abort a command when a group of files is specified. This may occur, for example, when you delete, by error, the wrong group of files! In this case, the command may be aborted by typing <CTRL-C>. 2.8 MOVING TEXT FILES TO A DIFFERENT TYPE OF COMPUTER An important feature of Twin Express is its ability to transfer files between different types of computers (e.g. between Amiga and IBM-PC computers). This is of particular interest for text files since binary files containing data or programs are almost useless on a different type of computer. Text files contain printable characters. They are used to store letters, documents, ASCII data and source programs. Unfortunately, each computer has its own internal organization for text files. The end-of-line marker, end-of- file marker and the coding of special characters may change from one computer to another. At this time, Twin Express handles the translation of the end-of-line marker, the end-of-file marker and 50 non- standard characters common to both Amiga and IBM compatible computers. The changes are described in the following paragraphs: 1. The end-of-line marker is translated between NL (new line) on the Amiga and CR/LF (carriage return / line feed) on the IBM-PC or compatible computers. 2. A <CTRL-Z> marker is appended to the end of all text files on IBM-PC or compatible computers. Note: this marker is added even if the marker is missing from the source file. 3. The Amiga and IBM-PC machines share 50 characters having the same typeface but a different code. A simple translation is done in this case. These characters are: á, à, â, ä, é, è, ê, ë, í, ì, î, ï, ó, ò, ô, ö, ú, ù, û, ü, ÿ, ç, Ç, É, Ä, Ö, Ü, ¿, ¡, ñ, Ñ, å, Å, æ, Æ, ß, µ, ¥, ±, £, ¢, ¬, °, ², «, », , Ø, ¼, ½. The remaining special characters are left unmodified. The TEXT option of the COPY command indicates that the source file contains text rather than binary or raw data. It enables the translation process. It is not required when the transfer is done to the same type of computer. For example, to transfer the text file TWIN.DOC from the local directory to the file TWIN.TXT on a different remote computer: TWIN> COPY TWIN.DOC ~TWIN.TXT TEXT 16 Twin Express User's Guide The TYPE command displays on screen the contents of a text file. Twin Express automatically translates the file to a format compatible with the local computer when the file is a remote file from a different type of computer. For example, to display the contents of the remote file SONGS.SPA: TWIN> TYPE ~SONGS.SPA The TYPE command assumes that SONGS.SPA is a text file and translates it, if necessary. A word of caution about word processors. These programs keep some formating information in your text files. This information may change from one type of computer to another. Twin Express does not translate this type of information. Therefore you may want to transfer the file without the TEXT option and then use a conversion program. On the other hand, if the word processor output can be redirected to an ASCII file, instead of the printer, this output file can be transferred with the TEXT option since it does not contain the formating information. 2.9 ENABLING FAST TRANSFERS The main feature of Twin Express is its speed. High speed serial transfers can be achieved by using a high baud rate and/or a special transmission mode. On the Amiga computer, the hardware can transfer more than 1,000,000 bits per second (according to Commodore-Amiga). To get the fastest serial transfers between two Amiga computers it is thus a matter of selecting the highest baud rate possible. In practice, this baud rate is actually limited by CPU speed and cable capacitance (ability to oppose to changing voltages). The highest baud rate recommended for the Amiga family of computers is 190000. However, if you have two Amiga 3000 and a short cable you may use baud rates of up to 290000. For example, to execute Twin Express at 230000 baud: A> TWIN SER 230000 With such a baud rate, the effective transfer speed is about 22,000 bytes per second. Raising the baud rate, from its default 115200 baud, is the recommended method to get high speed serial transfers between two Amiga computers. On a 12.5 MHz AT-type computer, the hardware can transfer data at up to 115200 bits per second. Speed is actually limited by the hardware, not by the CPU. To get faster speeds, the user must select a special transmission mode (EXPRESS). On a 12.5 MHz AT-type computer, it transfers about 100% more data than the default STANDARD mode. For example, to enable the EXPRESS mode: 17 Twin Express User's Guide TWIN> SET MODE EXPRESS This allows a user to transfer files at about 22,000 bytes per second using the default baud rate of 115200. You can also use this mode with Amiga computers. However, with a high baud rate the increase in performance is lower. The EXPRESS mode is the recommended mode of transfer unless you are using a 3-wire cable or you run into a lot of transmission errors. 2.10 INPUT FROM A COMMAND FILE Twin Express reads its commands from the standard input file used upon activation. This file is usually connected to the keyboard. However, it is possible to execute commands from a disk file. The user just needs to redirect the standard input to this file. For example, to execute the commands in file BACKUP.TNX: TWIN <BACKUP.TNX The file contains the same commands as would be entered from a keyboard, including the final QUIT command. For example: COPY C:*.C ~D: SUBDIR TEXT COPY C:*.ASM ~D: SUBDIR TEXT QUIT Note: commands files can be created with any text editor. 18 Twin Express User's Guide COMMANDS This chapter provides detailed information about each Twin Express command. The full syntax is given for each command. Square brackets ([]) indicate optional parameters. Braces ({ }) indicate a choice from a list. 3.1 CHDIR Syntax: CHDIR [~]DirectoryName Twin Express supports two default directories: the local directory and the remote directory. These are defined by the volumes and directories in use when Twin Express was activated. The CHDIR command changes the default directory of the local system or the remote system. The default directory is used whenever the user specifies a name not starting at the root directory of a volume (e.g. CHESS.C as opposed to /GAMES/SOURCES/CHESS.C). The name of a local directory is used with the CHDIR command to change the local default directory. For example, to change the local default directory to IBMGAMES on volume B: TWIN> CHDIR B:IBMGAMES or TWIN> CHDIR B:/IBMGAMES or TWIN> CHDIR B:\IBMGAMES The default drive is changed when a volume is specified in the pathname, as in the example above. This also indicates that the directory specified can be found in the root directory of that volume even though a slash or a back-slash is not specified after the colon. Note: This behavior is different from that of PC-DOS and MS-DOS. A remote directory name is used to change the remote default directory. Since this refers to a remote resource the name must have the ~ prefix. For example, to change the remote default directory to AMIGAMES on volume DH0: TWIN> CHDIR ~DH0:AMIGAMES or TWIN> CHDIR ~DH0:/AMIGAMES or TWIN> CHDIR ~DH0:\AMIGAMES 3.2 COPY Syntax: COPY [~]SourceOfData [~]DestinationOfData [SUBDIR] [{BINARY|TEXT}] 19 Twin Express User's Guide The COPY command creates copies of files. Source and destination files may be local or remote resources. In its simplest form, the command COPY uses a source file and a destination file on the same computer. For example, to copy the local file AUTOEXEC.BAT into the local file AUTOEXEC.OLD and to copy the remote file startup-sequence to remote file old-startup-sequence: TWIN> COPY AUTOEXEC.BAT AUTOEXEC.OLD TWIN> COPY ~startup-sequence ~old-startup-sequence As shown above, the remote resources must have the ~ prefix. Note: the target file gets the same creation date and time as the source file. A more useful form, from a file transfer program point of view, is when the source file and the destination file are not on the same system. This actually transfers the contents of the source file to the destination system through the cable connected to the serial devices of both computers. For example, to copy the local file TITLES.LIB to file NEWHITS on the remote system: TWIN> COPY TITLES.LIB ~NEWHITS Source file names may contain wildcards. This allows the user to copy many files with a single command. For example, to copy all the .C files of the current directory to the directory SOURCES: TWIN> COPY *.C SOURCES Note: when the source name contains wildcards or is a directory name, the target name must be the name of a directory. On request, COPY can also process the files of subdirectories. This is indicated by the SUBDIR option. For example, to copy all the remote .EXE files from the remote directory GAMES, including all the .EXE files found in sudirectories of directory GAMES, to the local directory DEMOS: TWIN> COPY ~GAMES/*.EXE DEMOS SUBDIR or TWIN> COPY ~GAMES\*.EXE DEMOS SUBDIR In this case, Twin Express first copies matching files found in the source directory to the target directory. It then copies matching files found in each of the source subdirectories to subdirectories of the same name in the target directory. If a matching target subdirectory does not exist, Twin Express creates the subdirectory and then copies 20 Twin Express User's Guide the corresponding files to it. This produces a target directory having the same structure as the source directory. The TEXT option indicates that the source file contains text (printable characters) rather than binary data. It allows Twin Express to translate your text files when you transfer them between an Amiga and an IBM computer. For example, to transfer all the text files from the local directory BUSINESS to the remote directory LETTERS: TWIN> COPY BUSINESS ~LETTERS TEXT More information about the translation process can be found in section 2.8 of this manual. By default, the BINARY option is used and no translation is done. 3.3 DELETE Syntax: DELETE FileName [SUBDIR] The DELETE command removes local or remote files from a file system. A local file name is used with the DELETE command to delete a local file. For example, to delete the file REPORT.OLD in the default local directory: TWIN> DELETE REPORT.OLD To delete a remote file, the file name must have the ~ prefix. For example, to delete the remote file REPORT.OLD in the default remote directory: TWIN> DELETE ~REPORT.OLD Usage of wildcards is permitted with this command. For example, to delete all the .MAP files in the local default directory: TWIN> DELETE *.MAP On request, DELETE can be extended to files found in subdirectories. This is indicated by the SUBDIR option. For example, to delete all the .LST files on the remote volume C: TWIN> DELETE ~C:*.LST SUBDIR or TWIN> DELETE ~C:/*.LST SUBDIR or TWIN> DELETE ~C:\*.LST SUBDIR 3.4 DIR Syntax: DIR [~][PathName] [SUBDIR] The DIR command displays the names of the files in a 21 Twin Express User's Guide local or remote directory. The command provides the following data regarding these files: the file size (bytes), date of last modification, time of last modification and the file attributes. For example, DIR might display the following information: Listing of directory C:\GAMES\CHESS CHESS.BAT 193 91-03-31 09:10:47 --CA RW-D CHESS.C 245002 91-09-26 15:28:18 ---A RW-D CHESS.EXE 113247 91-09-26 15:31:58 ---- RWED CHESS.DOC 35831 91-09-27 11:55:16 ---- RW-D OPENINGS Directory 91-05-25 16:29:31 ---- RWED CHESS.O 54645 91-09-26 15:31:04 ---- RW-D Total size of files: 448918 A local file name is used with the DIR command to get information on a specific local file. For example, to get information on the local file CHESS.C: TWIN> DIR CHESS.C To get information on a remote file, the file name must have the ~ prefix. For example, to get information on the remote file GRAPHLIB: TWIN> DIR ~GRAPHLIB Usage of wildcard characters is permitted. For example, to display information about all the files having a name starting with HOTEL: TWIN> DIR HOTEL* To get the complete listing of a particular directory, the user must supply a directory name instead of a file name. For example: to get a complete listing of files in directory A:\BACKUP1: TWIN> DIR A:BACKUP1 or TWIN> DIR A:\BACKUP1 TWIN> DIR A:/BACKUP1 To get a complete listing of a default directory, the user has the choice of using the * wildcard character or no name at all. For example, to display all the files of the remote default directory: TWIN> DIR ~ or TWIN> DIR ~* The SUBDIR option can be used to also display the matching files in subdirectories. For example: to get a list of all the 22 Twin Express User's Guide files having the .OLD extension on the current volume: TWIN> DIR :*.OLD SUBDIR or TWIN> DIR /*.OLD SUBDIR or TWIN> DIR \*.OLD SUBDIR The file attributes define some characteristics of the file. Twin Express supports the following attributes: S: File is a system file. H: File is normally hidden. C: File is a command file (batch file, script file). P: File contains pure, re-entrant code. A: File has been archived since its last modification. R: File can be read (not read protected). W: File can be written, modified (not write protected). E: File can be executed (not execute protected). D: File can be deleted (not delete protected). Not all these attributes are supported on all of the systems. Twin Express running on the IBM-PC or compatible machines does not support the attribute P and simulates the attributes C, R, W, E, D. 3.5 ECHO Syntax: ECHO UserText ECHO displays on the screen the text that follows the command. For example, to get the message "Remote Backup" upon the execution of the command ECHO: TWIN> ECHO Remote Backup The purpose of this command is to display comments when the input to Twin Express comes from a command file rather than the keyboard. 3.6 HELP Syntax: HELP [{TWIN|CABLE|USAGE|COMMANDS|EXAMPLES}] The HELP command provides on-line information to the user. The command may be used with or without a parameter. Without a parameter, it is a request for information on the command itself. Example: TWIN> HELP In this case, the command only displays the topics for which help is available. Actually, the user can get information about registration (TWIN), information about the wiring of the 23 Twin Express User's Guide null-modem cable used for the serial transfers (CABLE), an introduction to the basic operations (USAGE), the command syntax (COMMANDS) and some typical examples (EXAMPLES). For more detailed information, the topic must be specified in the command. For example, to display a summary of all the commands: TWIN> HELP COMMANDS 3.7 MKDIR Syntax: MKDIR [~]DirectoryName The MKDIR command creates a new directory in the file system of the local or the remote computer. A local directory name is used to create a local directory. For example, to create the subdirectory IBMNEWS in the current default directory: TWIN> MKDIR IBMNEWS A ~ prefix is used at the beginning of the directory name to create a remote directory. For example, to create the directory AmiNews in the remote root directory: TWIN> MKDIR ~/AmiNews or TWIN> MKDIR ~\Aminews or TWIN> MKDIR ~:AmiNews 3.8 QUIT Syntax: QUIT This command allows the user to exit from Twin Express. Note that you also exit from the remote program if a connection had been established with the remote. After exiting from the program you are left in the directory from which you activated Twin Express even if a different default directory (via CHDIR) had been selected during your session with the program. 3.9 RENAME Syntax: RENAME [~]SourceName [~]TargetName [SUBDIR] The RENAME command changes the current name of a local or a remote file to a new name. The current name and the new name are the two required parameters to this command. For example, to change the name of the local file TEST.ASM to DONJON.ASM: 24 Twin Express User's Guide TWIN> RENAME TEST.ASM DONJON.ASM You can also "rename" the file so as to change its parent directory. This actually moves the file to another directory. For example, to move file DONJON.ASM to the directory GAMES: TWIN> RENAME DONJON.ASM :GAMES or TWIN> RENAME DONJON.ASM /GAMES or TWIN> RENAME DONJON.ASM \GAMES Usually, most systems won't allow the user to rename a file to a different volume. In this case, the user must copy the file to the new volume and delete the old file. Both the current name and the new name must have the ~ prefix to rename a remote file. For example, to change the name of remote file TEST.PAS to DRAGON.PAS in the directory GAMES of the remote computer: TWIN> RENAME ~TEST.PAS ~:GAMES/DRAGON.PAS or TWIN> RENAME ~TEST.PAS ~:GAMES\DRAGON.PAS or TWIN> RENAME ~TEST.PAS ~/GAMES/DRAGON.PAS or TWIN> RENAME ~TEST.PAS ~\GAMES\DRAGON.PAS The ~ prefix is required in both names, otherwise the meaning would be "move file to another system" which is not the purpose of this command. The command RENAME also supports the use of wildcards. This is used to move a selected group of files to another directory. For example, to move all the files ending in .C to the directory CSTUFF: TWIN> RENAME *.C :CSTUFF or TWIN> RENAME *.C /CSTUFF or TWIN> RENAME *.C \CSTUFF With such a command, all the selected files are moved to a new directory. However, all of them keep their original name. 3.10 RMDIR Syntax: RMDIR [~]DirectoryName The RMDIR command removes a local or a remote directory from the file system. The name of a local directory is used with the RMDIR command to delete a local directory from the system. For example, to remove the local subdirectory OLDSTUFF from the current default directory: TWIN> RMDIR OLDSTUFF 25 Twin Express User's Guide A remote directory name must have the ~ prefix. For example, to delete the directory OBSOLETE from the remote root directory: TWIN> RMDIR ~:OBSOLETE or TWIN> RMDIR ~/OBSOLETE or TWIN> RMDIR ~\OBSOLETE Most systems prohibit deletion of non-empty directories, which is a good security feature. The user must remove all the files and any subdirectories from the directory before deleting it. 3.11 SET Syntax: SET MODE {STANDARD|EXPRESS} The SET command allows a user to select one of the two serial transmission modes. These are: STANDARD (the basic mode) and EXPRESS (a high speed mode). The STANDARD mode transmits data at the speed defined by the current baud rate. At 115200 baud, it transfers data at about 11,000 bytes per second. This is the default mode. It is also the mode recommended when transmission errors occur with the high speed mode. The EXPRESS mode is a high speed mode that transmits more data than the standard mode for a given baud rate. At 115200 baud, it transfers data at about 22,000 bytes per second on 12.5 MHz AT-type computers. There is no need to type a SET command on both machines. Twin Express automatically puts the remote system in the same mode. For example, to enable the EXPRESS mode on both computers: TWIN> SET MODE EXPRESS 3.12 SHOW Syntax: SHOW {DEVICE|BAUD|SPEED|STATUS|PATH} The SHOW command allows a user to get information about the current device, current baud rate, current speed, default directories or status. The DEVICE option indicates the current serial port in use on the local computer. The BAUD option indicates the current baud rate in use on the local computer. 26 Twin Express User's Guide The SPEED option indicates the estimated transfer speed (in bytes per second) according to the current baud rate and selected mode. The PATH option indicates the default directories (local and remote). The STATUS option displays the type of the local and the remote systems (Amiga or IBM compatible), the names of local and remote ports and type of cable (3 or 7 wires) being used. For example, to display information about the estimated transfer speed: TWIN> SHOW SPEED 3.13 TREE Syntax: TREE [~][DirectoryName] The TREE command displays the structure of a directory and of all the subdirectories nested within it. For example, a GAMES directory might have the following structure: GAMES ADVENTURE MS-TREK COMBAT ARCADE BRICKS PINBALL MISC GAMBLING BLACKJACK BOARDS CHESS CHECKERS CARDS BRIDGE A local directory name is used with the TREE command to display the structure of a local directory. For example, to view the directory structure of the local directory GAMES: TWIN> TREE GAMES The directory name is not required to get the structure of the default directory. A directory name with a ~ prefix is used to display the structure of a remote directory. For example, to view the directory structure of the remote directory GAMES: 27 Twin Express User's Guide TWIN> TREE ~GAMES 3.14 TYPE Syntax: TYPE TextFileName The TYPE command displays the contents of a local or a remote text file, one page at a time. The user may abort the command by typing <CTRL-C>. A local name is used with the TYPE command to display a local text file. For example, to display the local file AUTOEXEC.BAT: TWIN> TYPE AUTOEXEC.BAT To display a remote text file, the file name must have the ~ prefix. For example, to display the remote file startup-sequence: TWIN> TYPE ~startup-sequence You can display remote text files even if the remote computer is not compatible with the local computer (e.g. Amiga vs IBM PC). In this case, Twin Express will translate the file as described in section 2.8 of this manual. 28 Twin Express User's Guide ERROR MESSAGES Errors fall in three classes: startup errors, usage errors and communication errors. Startup errors: Startup errors are problems detected upon activation of Twin Express. Section 1.7 describes these errors in detail. Usage errors: Usage errors indicate mistakes in a user command (e.g. bad command, missing parameters) or an error detected during execution of a command. These messages always start with the word "Error". For example, an error message indicating a bad command: Error: Invalid command. A usage error always terminates the program when the input is from a command file. Communication errors: Communication errors are indicated by messages enclosed between >>> and <<<. The message specifies some unusual conditions related to communication with the serial link. You should not see many of them under normal conditions. Most communication error messages indicate that an error was found in a block of data. These errors are generated by bad connections, high baud rates, long cables and electrical interference. As a result, one or more bits have been changed in a block of data transmitted via the serial cable. This condition may produce one of the following messages: >>> Last packet data transmitted with error <<< >>> Last packet header transmitted with error <<< >>> Last packet data received with error <<< >>> Last packet header received with error <<< In this case, Twin Express retransmits the block of data and the corrupted block is discarded. It does not mean that the transmitted files contain these transmission errors. However, if you have many of these errors (say more than one error / million bytes) you should consider using a slower transmission mode or a slower baud rate to avoid possible undetected errors. Retransmission of bad blocks of data may produce other A1 Twin Express User's Guide types of messages under some circumstances. As before, it does not mean that errors have been introduced into your transmitted files (serious errors abort the program instead). These messages are: >>> Duplicate of a packet (packet ignored) <<< >>> Unexpected collision of two packets <<< >>> Collision of two packets (recovered) <<< >>> Fatal collision of two packets detected <<< >>> Fatal packet numbering errors <<< These messages might also appear as a result of a software problem. Please contact OMNICODE if you repeatedly get these messages at a low baud rate. Once in a while you might see one of the following messages: >>> Break detected: bad device or cable problem <<< >>> Remote computer does not respond <<< >>> Waiting for remote to reply <<< They usually indicate a cable with a bad connection, a dis- connected cable or a program waiting for completion of a system request. You should check whether the cable is still properly connected or whether you have a system request on the remote computer. The remaining errors are usually encountered during the debugging of the communication protocol or with a very bad serial link. If you get one of the following messages, check your cable and try to execute the program at a lower baud rate: >>> Sender got an out of sync ACK/NAK/SYN/CAN <<< >>> Receiver got an out of sync ACK/NAK/SYN/CAN <<< >>> Sender received an unrecognized reply <<< >>> Receiver got an unrecognized character <<< >>> Time-out while receiving packet header <<< >>> Receiver failed to acknowledge packet header <<< >>> Time-out while receiving packet data <<< >>> Sender failed to send data checksum <<< >>> Receiver failed to acknowledge packet data <<< A2 Twin Express User's Guide LICENSE AGREEMENT In consideration of payment of the license fee, OMNICODE grants the licensee the following non-exclusive rights: 1. The licensee owns the media on which the software is distributed. However, the software itself and the documentation remain the property of OMNICODE. 2. The licensee may install and use this software on as many computers as have been registered. The initial license (registration) is valid for two computers. 3. Each of the computers on which the software has been installed may be used by any number of users. 4. The licensee may move the software from one computer to another as long as the number of computers that use the software does not exceed the number of computers for which the license costs have been paid. All rights not expressly granted in this agreement are reserved by OMNICODE. B1 Twin Express User's Guide DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT For the purposes of this distribution statement, a distributor is any person, organization, club, group or company making the Twin Express package available to somebody else. Permission is hereby granted to any distributor to copy, distribute, or store this package in a library, an information system or a bulletin board system as long as all the following rules are respected: 1. The package may not be sold or leased out. 2. The package may not be bound, attached or linked to a salable product. In particular, it may not be installed on the hard disk of a computer being sold or distributed with any commercial product. 3. Notwithstanding rule 2, a distributor may charge a reasonable fee to cover the cost of a diskette and/or mailing and/or handling and/or connect time. 4. The package may not be distributed via a disk magazine. For the purposes of this rule, a disk magazine is either a magazine normally sold with an accompanying disk or a simple advertising cover containing a disk. These disk magazines are usually found in bookstores with other computer magazines. 5. Notwithstanding rules 2 and 4, the publisher of a standard magazine may offer, as a separate service, to send a copy of this package to its readers or to make it available for downloads. For the purposes of this rule, a standard magazine is a magazine sold without an accompanying disk. 6. Distribution of a printed copy of the documentation, in whole or in part, is prohibited. 7. With one exception, the package may not be modified. That is, the files included in the package may not be modified, substituted, deleted or mixed with files of other software. However, the distributor may add files describing its distribution service to the package. 8. All the files included in the package must be distri- buted together. The package shall be distributed via an archive file (library format) or as files stored in their own directory. 9. A distribution diskette may have many archive files or C1 Twin Express User's Guide directories containing other shareware or public domain software. 10. The distributor may not distribute the package as free software or public domain software. Whenever possible, the distributor shall indicate that the package is shareware software. 11. The distributor agrees to stop distribution of this package as soon as notified by OMNICODE. 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Prices are subject to change without notice. Prices include Canadian taxes where applicable. Use a money order or a check drawn on a Canadian bank. Send to OMNICODE P.O. Box 128 Ahuntsic Montréal [Québec] CANADA H3L 3N7 E2